The On-Line Encyclopedia of Bongard Problems

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Empty image vs. non-empty image.

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	COMMENTS	`The first Bongard Problem.` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are line drawings (one or more connected figures made up of curved and non-curved lines).`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: * BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6`
	EXAMPLE	`A circle fits on the right because it is not nothing.`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, allsorted, unstable, world, left-narrow, left-finite, left-full, left-null, perfect, pixelperfect, finished, traditional, stableworld, deformstable, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`empty (info \| search),` `existence (info \| search),` `zero (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`zoom in left (blank_image) \| zoom in right (curves_drawing)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Big vs. small.

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	COMMENTS	`The meaning of "big" left intentionally vague. There are various specific ways to define size, such as diameter, minimum distance between points on edge, and size of smallest bounding circle.` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are single simple shapes, either outlines or solid black.` `All examples on the same side are approximately the same size.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 * BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, fuzzy, spectrum, size, stable, finished, traditional, continuous, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`size (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`outline_or_fill_shape [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Hollow outline vs. filled in solid.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are single simple shapes.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 BP2 * BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, allsorted, world, gap, finished, traditional, preciseworld, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`outlined_filled (info \| search),` `texture (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`outline_or_fill_shape [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (shape_outline) \| zoom in right (fill_shape)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Convex vs. concave.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Problem are outlines of shapes or solid black shapes.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 215.`
	CROSSREFS	`BP136 is the same solution (flipped) but with only polygonal outlines and also with extraneous dots distracting from the solution.` `Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 BP2 BP3 * BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, unstable, right-narrow, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`concave_convex_angle (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`outline_or_fill_shape [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Is polygon vs. is smooth without straight lines or corners.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are outlines of shapes.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 215.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 * BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9 BP10`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, ignoreimperfections, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`curved_straight (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`shape_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (polygon_outline)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Triangle vs. quadrilateral.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Problem are outlines of polygons or solid black polygons.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 215.`
	CROSSREFS	`BP1211 is "triangle vs. anything else".` `Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 * BP7 BP8 BP9 BP10 BP11`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, number, ignoreimperfections, finished, traditional, preciseworld, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`number (info \| search),` `triangle (info \| search),` `three (info \| search),` `four (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`Multiple options: polygon_outline_or_fill [smaller \| same \| bigger], triangle_or_quadrilateral_outline_or_fill [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Taller than wide vs. wider than tall.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are oblong connected figures made up of some curves.` `Shapes as tall as they are wide would be ambiguous.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 * BP8 BP9 BP10 BP11 BP12`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, dual, handed, rotate, stretch, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`horizontal (info \| search),` `line_slope (info \| search),` `vertical (info \| search),` `quantity_comparison (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`Multiple options: figure_made_of_curves [smaller \| same \| bigger], oblong_axis_aligned_figure_made_of_curves [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Positioned right vs. positioned left.

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	COMMENTS	`Center of shape's x coordinate is higher than zero (where zero is the middle of the picture).` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are small shape outlines.` `This is the first Bongard Problem in which absolute positioning is relevant.` `Shapes close to the middle would be ambiguous.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 * BP9 BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, dual, handed, leftright, boundingbox, finished, traditional, absoluteposition, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`absolute_position (info \| search),` `bounding_box (info \| search),` `coordinate (info \| search),` `left_right (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`small_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Non-wiggly outline vs. wiggly outline.

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	COMMENTS	`"Wiggly" means a high number of small concavities adjacent to one another all around the outline.` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.` `Shapes with outlines that are only wiggly within partial sections would be ambiguous. Shapes with outlines that have many medium-size concavities would be ambiguous.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8 * BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, fuzzy, stable, world, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`curve_texture (info \| search),` `texture (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`Multiple options: mediumsize_centered_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger], shape_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Approximately triangular outline vs. approximately convex quadrilateral outline.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 217.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9 * BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14 BP15`
	KEYWORD	`easy, fuzzy, noisy, number, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`number (info \| search),` `three (info \| search),` `four (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`shape_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

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