The On-Line Encyclopedia of Bongard Problems

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Empty image vs. non-empty image.

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	COMMENTS	`The first Bongard Problem.` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are line drawings (one or more connected figures made up of curved and non-curved lines).`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: * BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6`
	EXAMPLE	`A circle fits on the right because it is not nothing.`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, allsorted, unstable, world, left-narrow, left-finite, left-full, left-null, perfect, pixelperfect, finished, traditional, stableworld, deformstable, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`empty (info \| search),` `existence (info \| search),` `zero (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`zoom in left (blank_image) \| zoom in right (curves_drawing)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Hollow outline vs. filled in solid.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are single simple shapes.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1 BP2 * BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, allsorted, world, gap, finished, traditional, preciseworld, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`outlined_filled (info \| search),` `texture (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`outline_or_fill_shape [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (shape_outline) \| zoom in right (fill_shape)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Non-wiggly outline vs. wiggly outline.

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	COMMENTS	`"Wiggly" means a high number of small concavities adjacent to one another all around the outline.` `All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.` `Shapes with outlines that are only wiggly within partial sections would be ambiguous. Shapes with outlines that have many medium-size concavities would be ambiguous.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8 * BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, fuzzy, stable, world, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`curve_texture (info \| search),` `texture (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`Multiple options: mediumsize_centered_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger], shape_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger]`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Thin and elongated vs. compact.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 217.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9 BP10 * BP12 BP13 BP14 BP15 BP16`
	KEYWORD	`nice, fuzzy, spectrum, stretch, stable, world, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`elongated_compact (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`shape_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (elongated_outline)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Closed shape outline vs. non-closed curve.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Bongard Problem are non-self-intersecting curves.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 218.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14 * BP16 BP17 BP18 BP19 BP20`
	KEYWORD	`nice, unstable, world, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`closed_open (info \| search),` `hole (info \| search),` `loop (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`curve_or_outline [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (shape_outline) \| zoom in right (curve)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

One vs. two figures.

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	COMMENTS	`All examples in this Problem comprise one or two shape outlines.`
	REFERENCE	`M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 221.`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP18 BP19 BP20 BP21 BP22 * BP24 BP25 BP26 BP27 BP28`
	KEYWORD	`easy, nice, precise, number, world, gap, finished, traditional, bongard`
	CONCEPT	`number (info \| search),` `one (info \| search),` `two (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`outlines [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (shape_outline) \| zoom in right (two_outlines)`
	AUTHOR	`Mikhail M. Bongard`

Highly iterated fractal vs. fractal after only few iterations.

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	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP523 BP524 BP525 BP526 BP527 * BP529 BP530 BP531 BP532 BP533`
	KEYWORD	`world, contributepairs`
	CONCEPT	`fractal (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`zoom in left (fractal)`
	AUTHOR	`Aaron David Fairbanks`

There is a path between any two nodes vs. not so.

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	REFERENCE	`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory` `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivity_(graph_theory)`
	CROSSREFS	`Adjacent-numbered pages: BP1095 BP1096 BP1097 BP1098 BP1099 * BP1101 BP1102 BP1103 BP1104 BP1105`
	KEYWORD	`precise, allsorted, world, preciseworld`
	CONCEPT	`graph (info \| search),` `distinguishing_crossing_curves (info \| search),` `connected_component (info \| search)`
	WORLD	`graph [smaller \| same \| bigger] zoom in left (connected_graph) \| zoom in right (disconnected_graph)`
	AUTHOR	`Leo Crabbe`

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