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BP1 Empty image vs. non-empty image.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

The first Bongard Problem.

All examples in this Bongard Problem are line drawings (one or more connected figures made up of curved and non-curved lines).

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
  *  BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6

EXAMPLE

A circle fits on the right because it is not nothing.

KEYWORD

easy, nice, precise, allsorted, unstable, world, left-narrow, left-finite, left-full, left-null, perfect, pixelperfect, finished, traditional, stableworld, deformstable, bongard

CONCEPT empty (info | search),
existence (info | search),
zero (info | search)

WORLD

zoom in left (blank_image) | zoom in right (curves_drawing)

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP3 Hollow outline vs. filled in solid.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are single simple shapes.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 214.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP1 BP2  *  BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8

KEYWORD

easy, nice, precise, allsorted, world, gap, finished, traditional, preciseworld, bongard

CONCEPT outlined_filled (info | search),
texture (info | search)

WORLD

outline_or_fill_shape [smaller | same | bigger]
zoom in left (shape_outline) | zoom in right (fill_shape)

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP5 Is polygon vs. is smooth without straight lines or corners.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are outlines of shapes.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 215.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4  *  BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9 BP10

KEYWORD

easy, nice, ignoreimperfections, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT curved_straight (info | search)

WORLD

shape_outline [smaller | same | bigger]
zoom in left (polygon_outline)

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP7 Taller than wide vs. wider than tall.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are oblong connected figures made up of some curves.

Shapes as tall as they are wide would be ambiguous.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6  *  BP8 BP9 BP10 BP11 BP12

KEYWORD

easy, nice, dual, handed, rotate, stretch, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT horizontal (info | search),
line_slope (info | search),
vertical (info | search),
quantity_comparison (info | search)

WORLD

Multiple options:
figure_made_of_curves [smaller | same | bigger],
oblong_axis_aligned_figure_made_of_curves [smaller | same | bigger]

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP9 Non-wiggly outline vs. wiggly outline.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

"Wiggly" means a high number of small concavities adjacent to one another all around the outline.

All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.

Shapes with outlines that are only wiggly within partial sections would be ambiguous. Shapes with outlines that have many medium-size concavities would be ambiguous.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 216.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7 BP8  *  BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14

KEYWORD

easy, nice, fuzzy, stable, world, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT curve_texture (info | search),
texture (info | search)

WORLD

Multiple options:
mediumsize_centered_outline [smaller | same | bigger],
shape_outline [smaller | same | bigger]

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP11 Thin and elongated vs. compact.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are shape outlines.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 217.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP6 BP7 BP8 BP9 BP10  *  BP12 BP13 BP14 BP15 BP16

KEYWORD

nice, fuzzy, spectrum, stretch, stable, world, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT elongated_compact (info | search)

WORLD

shape_outline [smaller | same | bigger]
zoom in left (elongated_outline)

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP13 Tall rectangle OR wide ellipse vs. wide rectangle OR tall ellipse.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are outlines of ellipses or rectangles aligned to the x-y-axes.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 218.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP8 BP9 BP10 BP11 BP12  *  BP14 BP15 BP16 BP17 BP18

KEYWORD

precise, stretch, finished, traditional, preciseworld, bongard

CONCEPT or (info | search),
horizontal (info | search),
line_slope (info | search),
vertical (info | search)

WORLD

rectangle_or_ellipse_outline_axis_aligned [smaller | same | bigger]

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP15 Closed shape outline vs. non-closed curve.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are non-self-intersecting curves.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 218.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP10 BP11 BP12 BP13 BP14  *  BP16 BP17 BP18 BP19 BP20

KEYWORD

nice, unstable, world, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT closed_open (info | search),
hole (info | search),
loop (info | search)

WORLD

curve_or_outline [smaller | same | bigger]
zoom in left (shape_outline) | zoom in right (curve)

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP17 Shape with a reflex corner vs. shape without a reflex corner.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are outlines of shapes.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 219.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP12 BP13 BP14 BP15 BP16  *  BP18 BP19 BP20 BP21 BP22

KEYWORD

finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT acute (info | search),
angle (info | search),
indentation (info | search)

WORLD

shape_outline [smaller | same | bigger]

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

BP19 Horizontal pinch vs. vertical pinch.
(edit; present; nest [left/right]; search; history)
COMMENTS

All examples in this Bongard Problem are outlines of shapes. More specifically, all examples have a thin horizontal or vertical bridge in the middle connecting two wide ends.

REFERENCE

M. M. Bongard, Pattern Recognition, Spartan Books, 1970, p. 220.

CROSSREFS

Adjacent-numbered pages:
BP14 BP15 BP16 BP17 BP18  *  BP20 BP21 BP22 BP23 BP24

KEYWORD

dual, rotate, finished, traditional, bongard

CONCEPT horizontal (info | search),
neck_narrowing (info | search),
vertical (info | search)

WORLD

[smaller | same | bigger]

AUTHOR

Mikhail M. Bongard

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